Yeah, yeah. Anyway, just going to put up the answers here, in case you wanted to review them. Not going to supply the pics tho, since a google search would be simple enough. & yes, I can't remember exactly what each question is about, but the answers should be a good resource regardless.
In a section through the spinal cord (grey matter), in the anterior horn...
There is the motor neuron (cell body)
Neuroglia – nutritive, supportive, mediate metabolite exchange, defence
In a section through the bone
Osteon (Haversian system) – functional unit of bone
Haversian canal - blood vessels, nerves, connective tissues
Volksman’s canal is at right angles.
With regard to the human embryo:
Rostal neuropore closes day 25, caudal neuropore day 27
Folic acid supplementation from 1 month till before end of 12th week
Test for alpha-feto protein to detect closure of neuropores.
In the dorsal aspect of the scapula:
The supraspinatus
Initiates first 15 degrees of abduction
In the developing limb bud:
There is the Apical Ectodermal Ridge.
Regulates limb bud outgrowth in proximo-distal direction; if disrupted, distal limb fails to form.
There is the Zone of Polarising Activity.
Regulates anterior-posterior patterning of limb; esp. sequential patterning of digits; if disrupted, extra or mirror image digits.
Regarding the Brachial Plexus:
Rami & Trunks: in neck;
Divisions, post to clavicles;
Cords, above & posterior to pectorialis minor;
Terminal branches, distal to pectorialis minor.
C5/C6 nerve roots –
Motor to deltoid & teres minor;
Sensory: skin over lower part of deltoid.
Regarding the gluteal region:
Injury to sciatic nerve
Motor: paralysis of hamstrings & all muscles of leg/foot, loss of movements in limb below knee with foot drop deformity.
Sensory: complete below knee except medial side of leg/medial malleolus to hallux to...
The sciatic nerve passes under the piriformis
In a cross-section through the limb:
Intermuscular septum made of deep fascia – necessary to separate muscles into different functional groups
Fasciotomy to correct compartment syndrome
With regard to the anterior (ventral) aspect of the wrist:
Injury to the median nerve
Loss of opposition of thumb with the little finger (opponens)
Skin over thenar eminence – palmar cutaneous of median nerve *unsure*
At the C8 spinal cord segment
There is the anterior ramus of spinal nerve
It contributes towards the brachial plexus
Vastus medialis of quadriceps femoris
Innervated by the femoral nerve
Extension of knee joint and prevents lateral displacement of the patella
Shoulder X-ray
Anterior dislocation is the most common injury
Adduction, external rotation & extension is the most common position of arm during injury
Of the spinal cord
Adult vertebra terminates at L1/L2 level
Lumbar puncture at subarachnoid space
The gluteal region
Adductors are gluteus medius & minimus, raising contralateral hip when standing on one leg, if this hip drops, there is a fault in part of the mechanism (muscular, nervous, or articular) – Trendelenburg test
Sciatic nerve injury – most commonly posterior dislocation of hip
In the femur
Fractured neck femur (subcapital, transcervical, basal cervical, intertrochanteric)
Femoral neck fractures, if above capsular attachment, the retinacular vessels are torn and supply to head is cut off causing avascular necrosis requiring head replacement.
Around the anatomical snuffbox
Tendons of extensor pollicis longus & brevis, along with adductor pollicis brevis
Proximal fragment of fractured scaphoid typically undergo avascular necrosis because arterial supply from the distal end (radial artery) as proximal end is covered by articular cartilage
In the knee joint
Anterior cruciate ligament
Anterior drawer’s test
In the popliteal fossa
Common peroneal nerve most commonly injured at neck of fibula as it winds down the neck
Injury produces foot drop & inversion of foot
To palpate femoral artery
Mid-inguinal point (1/2 way between ASIS & pubic symphysis)
X-ray of hip
Typical attitude/position of the limb in a fracture is intracapsular fracture/subcapital fracture, externally rotated & shortening. Gluteus medialis cause shortening. *possible error*
Profunda artery
Varicose veins in lower limb
Great saphenous vein
Perforating veins to drain from superficial to deep veins
At the wrist, the radial artery
The important tendon medial to it is the flexor carpi radialis
In the breast
The muscle directly posterior to the breast is the pectorialis major
Cooper’s ligaments are important for breast cancer
Pathologically, these may be contracted by fibrosis, causing retraction or pitting of the overlying skin. ONLY OCCURS IN METASTASIZED CANCERS.
Emphasis
Emphasize on root values.
Emphasis on nerve & vessel injury.
Emphasis of brachial & lumbar plexus.
Emphasis on specificity of answers.
In a section through the spinal cord (grey matter), in the anterior horn...
There is the motor neuron (cell body)
Neuroglia – nutritive, supportive, mediate metabolite exchange, defence
In a section through the bone
Osteon (Haversian system) – functional unit of bone
Haversian canal - blood vessels, nerves, connective tissues
Volksman’s canal is at right angles.
With regard to the human embryo:
Rostal neuropore closes day 25, caudal neuropore day 27
Folic acid supplementation from 1 month till before end of 12th week
Test for alpha-feto protein to detect closure of neuropores.
In the dorsal aspect of the scapula:
The supraspinatus
Initiates first 15 degrees of abduction
In the developing limb bud:
There is the Apical Ectodermal Ridge.
Regulates limb bud outgrowth in proximo-distal direction; if disrupted, distal limb fails to form.
There is the Zone of Polarising Activity.
Regulates anterior-posterior patterning of limb; esp. sequential patterning of digits; if disrupted, extra or mirror image digits.
Regarding the Brachial Plexus:
Rami & Trunks: in neck;
Divisions, post to clavicles;
Cords, above & posterior to pectorialis minor;
Terminal branches, distal to pectorialis minor.
C5/C6 nerve roots –
Motor to deltoid & teres minor;
Sensory: skin over lower part of deltoid.
Regarding the gluteal region:
Injury to sciatic nerve
Motor: paralysis of hamstrings & all muscles of leg/foot, loss of movements in limb below knee with foot drop deformity.
Sensory: complete below knee except medial side of leg/medial malleolus to hallux to...
The sciatic nerve passes under the piriformis
In a cross-section through the limb:
Intermuscular septum made of deep fascia – necessary to separate muscles into different functional groups
Fasciotomy to correct compartment syndrome
With regard to the anterior (ventral) aspect of the wrist:
Injury to the median nerve
Loss of opposition of thumb with the little finger (opponens)
Skin over thenar eminence – palmar cutaneous of median nerve *unsure*
At the C8 spinal cord segment
There is the anterior ramus of spinal nerve
It contributes towards the brachial plexus
Vastus medialis of quadriceps femoris
Innervated by the femoral nerve
Extension of knee joint and prevents lateral displacement of the patella
Shoulder X-ray
Anterior dislocation is the most common injury
Adduction, external rotation & extension is the most common position of arm during injury
Of the spinal cord
Adult vertebra terminates at L1/L2 level
Lumbar puncture at subarachnoid space
The gluteal region
Adductors are gluteus medius & minimus, raising contralateral hip when standing on one leg, if this hip drops, there is a fault in part of the mechanism (muscular, nervous, or articular) – Trendelenburg test
Sciatic nerve injury – most commonly posterior dislocation of hip
In the femur
Fractured neck femur (subcapital, transcervical, basal cervical, intertrochanteric)
Femoral neck fractures, if above capsular attachment, the retinacular vessels are torn and supply to head is cut off causing avascular necrosis requiring head replacement.
Around the anatomical snuffbox
Tendons of extensor pollicis longus & brevis, along with adductor pollicis brevis
Proximal fragment of fractured scaphoid typically undergo avascular necrosis because arterial supply from the distal end (radial artery) as proximal end is covered by articular cartilage
In the knee joint
Anterior cruciate ligament
Anterior drawer’s test
In the popliteal fossa
Common peroneal nerve most commonly injured at neck of fibula as it winds down the neck
Injury produces foot drop & inversion of foot
To palpate femoral artery
Mid-inguinal point (1/2 way between ASIS & pubic symphysis)
X-ray of hip
Typical attitude/position of the limb in a fracture is intracapsular fracture/subcapital fracture, externally rotated & shortening. Gluteus medialis cause shortening. *possible error*
Profunda artery
Varicose veins in lower limb
Great saphenous vein
Perforating veins to drain from superficial to deep veins
At the wrist, the radial artery
The important tendon medial to it is the flexor carpi radialis
In the breast
The muscle directly posterior to the breast is the pectorialis major
Cooper’s ligaments are important for breast cancer
Pathologically, these may be contracted by fibrosis, causing retraction or pitting of the overlying skin. ONLY OCCURS IN METASTASIZED CANCERS.
Emphasis
Emphasize on root values.
Emphasis on nerve & vessel injury.
Emphasis of brachial & lumbar plexus.
Emphasis on specificity of answers.
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